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More than 2,701 websites are or were blocked in mainland China (excluding Hong Kong and Macau) under the country's policy of Internet censorship.[1] This is a list of the most notable such blocked websites. This page does not apply to the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, where most of the Chinese laws do not apply. According to a recent report from Beijing, a lot of larger Japanese websites were blocked during the afternoon of 15 June 2012 (UTC+08:00) to the morning of 17 June 2012 (UTC+08:00), such as Google Japan, Yahoo! Japan, Amazon Japan, Excite, Yomiuri Shimbun, Sponichi, and Nikkei Business Publications. Also note that many of the sites listed may be occasionally or even regularly available, depending on the access location or current events. For these reasons, using proxy utilities such as greatfire.org or blockedinchina.net are not extremely reliable sources (i.e. going to China and checking by yourself) for information when checking the Table of high-ranking websites blocked in mainland China below, but should only be considered as a reference. Many political websites in other countries are also blocked by mainland China. China had the largest and most complex economy in the world for most of the past two thousand years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline.[18][19] Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing major economies. As of 2013, it is the world's second-largest economy by both nominal total GDP and purchasing power parity (PPP), and is also the world's largest exporter and importer of goods.[20] China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest standing army, with the second-largest defence budget.[21] The PRC has been a United Nations member since 1971, when it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM and the G-20. China is a regional power within Asia and has been characterized as a potential superpower by a number of commentators The possibility of such cyberattacks by U.S. adversaries has been widely known, but never confirmed publicly by the nation's top cyber official. Outside experts say the U.S. Cyber Command also has that capability, which in theory should amount to mutual deterrence. The government of China has set up a system of internet censorship, intending to block internet users within Mainland China from accessing material deemed undesirable, such as foreign news sites, sites with dissident political content, many Hong Kong and Taiwanese websites, and pornography. However, some people in mainland China are buying software for them to access Google, Facebook,etc. This software is generally not very expensive. They use a version of Virtual Private Network or VPN to access those sites. One part of the block is to remove some websites from search results on search engines. These search engines include both the local version of international search engines (e.g. Google.cn) as well as domestic ones (e.g. Baidu, Sohu). In general, regardless of whether a term is sensitive or not, many well known websites are removed from the search result, such as all porn sites, some western news websites like BBC and Voice of America, and a few sites in Hong Kong and Taiwan. In addition, access to a handful of US-based universities are blocked, as these websites often contain discussions regarding issues deemed politically sensitive by the Communist Party of China. Some words are sensitive. Attempting to search for such a term may result in the turning on of the "safe search" feature, and limiting the result pages in China. However, the general internet traffic filter may interrupt a HTTP connection between the browser and the server if it detects intensive sensitive words in plaintext, as it does with other protocols, such as the Post Office Protocol, and any sequence connection to the server is also denied. This filter affects self-censored search engines, since their censorship is filtering websites, not keywords. This system is described in greater detail at Internet censorship in mainland China. Any sequence containing the term is also blocked. For example, since 法輪 / 法轮 (falun, or "dharma chakra") is blocked, so are 法轮功 (Falun Gong) and 轉法輪 / 转法轮 ("Turning dharma chakra"). Also, only the Chinese terms are blocked, while the English terms are freely searchable (unless specified otherwise). Because Google has decided to re-direct its Google.cn domain to Google.com.hk, censorship by Google is far less relevant.